Chapter XIIWIND FROM THE
WEST
On a January day in 1890, a big, strong, weathered man
stood over a raw new grave at Longmont, Colorado. Nine miles away
rose the front range of the Rockies, white with snow; beyond,
dominating the skyline above Estes Park, the square tower of Long's
Peak stood up timeless and enduring. The wind came cold from the
mountains, but the big man did not feel it. A minister, he had many
times read the ritual: "Earth to earth, ashes to ashes, dust to dust,
looking to the resurrection in the last day--" Now he had himself to
console.
He had come to Colorado in 1885 as minister of the Presbyterian
Church in Longmont and president of the newly-founded Longmont
College. Since then he had stood above three graves of his own. His
first wife had died of tuberculosis in 1886, and an infant daughter
had died four months later. Now a second wife had died, following
the birth of her second son. When he walked back through the
straggling streets of Longmont, William Oxley Thompson must have
felt that his life was ended. He was thirty-five years
old.
Back in Ohio, young Will Thompson had been called the best farm
hand in Muskingum County. During harvest or haying, said a
neighbor, he would take one side of the wagon and two men would
take the other. At Muskingum College he was a janitor, kindling fires
before daylight, as well as scholar. In Illinois he husked corn in the
fields while word went around that the new teacher had arrived and
the Long Ridge school would open on a certain Monday morning. In
northwest Iowa he preached to Sac County farmers and then drove
across the prairie to repeat his sermon at the crossroads school.
There his wife fell ill and the young minister asked for an
assignment in the mountains of Colorado. After a summer of
camping in Estes Park, Rebecca Allison Thompson seemed improved.
But she died the next summer, in her twenty-fourth year. After
a year he married a gifted young graduate of his college. Now, three
and a half years later, Starr Brown Thompson was buried at the age
of twenty-four.
Years later, in an address in the depression--dark February of 1932,
William Oxley Thompson said: "If I am not mistaken, the human race
was intended to be a race of hope." A native vigor and hope soon
revived the young minister at Longmont. While his
sister cared for three small children, he drove across the plains to
Greeley where his brother was publishing a paper; he traveled to
Denver, Cheyenne and Laramie for church and college meetings; he
preached in his own pulpit on Sunday mornings and then rattled up
the road to Berthaud to preach in the afternoon. In the spring he
broke this busy round to attend the Presbyterian general assembly
at Detroit, and there he met some Miami trustees and alumni. Back
in Longmont he announced his acceptance of the presidency of Miami
University.
When he arrived in Oxford, an imposing, windburned man in
rumpled clothing, college was out for the summer. But the villagers
recognized an educator wholly unlike President Warfield and his
Eastern faculty. Robust, confident, hearty, Thompson came like a
wind from the West, stirring up the drowsy village and filling the
empty campus with expectation. He moved his sister and the three
children into a house on Church Street. Then he was on the road,
looking for students. The college roll listed sixty undergraduates and
sixty-two preparatory and special students, including seventeen
women. President Thompson wanted more.
Nominally professor of political science and history, Thompson did
little teaching during his eight years' tenure. His colleagues met the
classes while he made the rounds of churches, county fairs, farmers'
and teachers' institutes. Given a pass from C. H. and D. Railroad, he
tirelessly traveled that territory. Ready to speak on many subjects,
he always found room to stress the purpose and opportunity of
Miami University. In 1892 with the Republican nomination of
Benjamin Harrison and Whitelaw Reid, the only political ticket in
history with both candidates from the same college, and with Calvin
Brice proposed as a Democratic nominee for the presidency,
Thompson could point to the eminence of Miami alumni. With his
vigor and the luster of the college in years past, it is strange that he
did not fill the halls and classrooms. He did attract some students; a
lecture at the Preble County Teachers' Institute in 1893 brought
Alfred H. Upham to Miami. But during eight years of tireless effort
he never saw the enrollment reach one hundred fifty. In those years
most Miami students came from nearby counties; Ohio had forty
colleges and Miami's appeal was limited. Professor Roger Bruce Cash
Johnson, the Princeton philosopher who had remained from
Warfield's faculty, said that his students were "an intelligent and
enthusiastic body of young men." But President Thompson confessed
that while two thirds were average or above, another third was
"helpless."
Before the end of the century the old classical curriculum, unworldly
and aristocratic, had lost its appeal. The majority of Miami students
did not take a degreeÐthrough the 1890's the senior class averaged
tenÐbut chose subjects that would prepare them
for the study of law or medicine or for the practice of business, and
they departed short of graduation. President Warfield had tried to
develop a more modern curriculum, but the conservative trustees
were not persuaded. When he resigned he had a parting word:
Miami should be stable, sturdy, and not over-hasty to rush into
new paths, yet he believed that "once past the half-mile stone,
the junior year should open up the whole sphere of modern
progress." He urged upon the trustees and his success
or the offering of a science curriculum along with the traditional
course of study. President Thompson succeeded in establishing a B.S.
degree in 1893. He had the industrious support of Professor Snyder,
the busy lecturer and experimenter, whose annual
reports always cited a popular demand for scientific training. A
further step toward curricular freedom was the offering of
alternative courses, with a choice of Greek or modern languages,
leading to the A.B. degree. To stimulate scholarly effort honors work
was introduced: a student could win departmental honors by
maintaining a superior standing in his courses, passing a
comprehensive examination based on collateral reading, and writing
a thesis.
For this small, provincial student body the college was providing new
facilities. At the Commencement of 1892 Brice Hall was dedicated.
Equipped with steam heat, a gas machine and an Edison
three-kilowatt dynamo, it was as different from Old Egypt as
electricity is from candle light. Chemistry and physics occupied the
main floor, biology and geology the floor above. After sessions a
lecture room fitted with charts, models, demonstration apparatus,
display cabinets and a human skeleton, students could work at
dissecting and experimental desks. Science had taken a giant stride
since O. N. Stoddard gave his charming lectures in Old Egypt. Now
Miami could begin the training of the men who would work in the
laboratories, research institutes and experiment stations of the
twentieth century.
Though he had never seen a football before he came to Miami,
President Thompson saw that the new sport was intrenched with
town and gown alike. At the State Fair in Columbus in 1894 a
featured "Football Tournament" promised competition between Ohio
State, Akron, Denison, Wittenberg and Miami, with a grand prize for
the highest-scoring team. At Miami Thompson appointed an
athletic board of control and in Ohio at large he supported
intercollegiate athletic association, a movement which attracted
enough notice to be reported on October 21, 1896, in Harper's
Weekly: "Later winter the Ohio Inter-Collegiate Association,
composed of Denison, Miami, Cincinnati, Ohio State, Kenyon, Marietta,
Oberlin, Otterbein and Wittenberg, drew up eligibility rules--
- Each player must attend at least eight hours of recitations per
week.
- No student holding a degree is eligible.
- No student may receive any form of compensation for engaging in
athletics.
- Managers, at least ten days before a game, must exchange lists of
players certified . . . by the president of the college."
The account added: "Cincinnati and Miami had a football game
scheduled for this month. In accordance with the rules, Miami
substituted a certified list of players. Cincinnati's manager declined
to do so, and on the day of the game, when appealed to by Miami . . .
Cincinnati disclaimed membership in the association. The game was
played with four ineligible men on Cincinnati team, but they were
outclassed, nevertheless, and beaten by Miami."
In 1895 Miami sports were moved from the upper campus to the
present athletic field. For twenty dollars the trustees sub-leased
four acres at the southeast corner of the Botanical Garden from a Mr.
Griner who had rented the entire tract for pasturage. The field was
cleared and drained; a couple of carpenters built an eight-foot
fence with a High Street gate guarded by a shed-like ticket
office. Professor Edward P. Thompson's surveying class laid off a
half-mile track, a baseball diamond and a football playing field.
Down dusty High Street trooped students, faculty and villagers to
watch the contests on Miami Field. The old playground west of
Stoddard Hall was planted to grass and shrubbery.
When Brice Hall was completed (it comprised the eastern third of the
present building) the trustees decided to convert Old Egypt into a
gymnasium. A new floor was laid, some mats and apparatus were
lugged in, but the students still regarded that dim old
relic as belonging to the campus squirrels. Then in 1896, with
increased revenues form the state, the trustees appropriated $25,000
for a new gymnasium building. While it was going up, President
Thompson had a new talking point in advertising the
college.
The gymnasium, built on the site of present Ogden Hall, had a bicycle
room in the basement; a reading room, assembly room, locker room
and shower baths on the main floor, and a gymnasium floor above.
Around the playing floor hung a running track--twenty-one
laps to the mile. Officially named for John W. Herron, a trustee since
1860, it was generally called the Miami Gymnasium as Herron
discouraged the use of his name. It was electric-lighted, the
wiring again supplied by Professor Snyder and his students. Snyder
complained of a lack of laboratory materials, saying that had it not
been for the work on Brice and Herron halls he could not have kept
his students busy.
If President Thompson could not fill the classrooms, he kept the
college treasury flourishing. A man of practical force and political
shrewdness, he could talk about farming as readily as philosophy
and he met the predominantly rural Legislature on common ground.
Aided by Brice, a United States Senator during the early '90s, and
Herron who was a member of the State Senate, he secured annual
appropriations of some $15,000. The attitude of the state, he
reported, was kind and cordial, and he believed the time was right
for seeking firm and lasting support. It came in 1896, with passage
of the Sleeper Bill which provided for a tax levy to support Ohio and
Miami universities. On his return from Columbus with this
accomplishment, he was met by the entire student body. In a
carriage decked with flags and bunting they drew him through the
village streets.
The Sleeper Bill, which in its first year produced $22,000 for Miami,
remained in force for ten years, and by 1906 the state's obligation to
Miami University was fully established. The bill required the
abolishing of tuition for residents of Ohio, but Thompson had already
persuaded the trustees to reduce the former $45 tuition to a $10
matriculation fee.
Along with his Miami labors President Thompson took a warm
interest in the fortunes of Western College. He became a member of
its board of trustees and in 1896 served as its presiding officer. He
was also a warm friend of Oxford College dramatics teacher, Estelle
Godfrey Clark. Then the three small Thompson children had a
mother's comfort and concern.
Somehow this busy president found time to write a weekly
newspaper column for his brother's Greeley (Colorado)
Sun--a wide-ranging comment on politics, labor, women
suffrage, the silver question, the Chicago World's Fair, and the evils
of college hazing. At home he put an end to the perilous ritual of
painting the Old Miami tower; no more freshmen would hang aloft at
midnight with a dripping pot and paint brush.
In these years the West came to Oxford on the lecture platform.
Alumnus Robert B. Stanton spoke from his own strenuous experience
on "The Canyons of the Colorado." Elizabeth Bacon Custer talked of
her life on the plains with her dashing husband before the fateful
Battle of the Little Big Horn. Joaquin Miller in fringed pants and a
beaded jacket read and lectured from the chapel platform, declaring
"There is more poetry in the rust of a single railroad train across this
continent than in all the gory story of burning Troy." The "Poet of the
Sierras" had a special interest for the Miami audience; he was born
just a few miles from Oxford in a covered wagon headed west, and
some twenty-five years later in Idaho he was married to a girl
who had grown up in Oxford.
Even in quiet Oxford entertainment was growing. James Whitcomb
Riley, William Dean Howells, James Lane Allen, George Washington
Cable all came to the village in the nineties. A Wild West show with
Texas steers and bucking horses raised dust in the public square on
the Fourth of July in 1896. On another day a crowd of Miami
students went to the Hamilton fair grounds to see Buffalo Bill's great
spectacle of the vanishing West. College dramatics began with The
Doctor of Alcantara staged in the Oxford Opera House and As
You Like It on the banks of the Tallawanda. In the latter
appeared Elizabeth Hamilton and Sarah Norris of Oxford College, who
would be dean and assistant dean of Miami women in the years
ahead. In a winter week of 1897, with the "Cinematascope" showing
at the town hall, Oxford was introduced to motion
pictures.
As the end of the century approached, Dr. Thompson proposed a
celebration. In 1899 it would be seventy-five years since the
opening of the college. As part of a Diamond Anniversary
observance, Thompson urged construction of the long-proposed
east wing of the Main Building and the modernization of the entire
building. Plans called for a new heating plant, a system of electric
lighting, a second tower to match the one erected in 1869 and the
lengthening by thirty feet of the west wing. This extension
permitted enlargement of classrooms and the administrative offices
on the main floor and the adding of a balcony to the chapel on the
floor above.
In this anniversary year the old dorms were provided with steam
heat, electric light and modern bathrooms. Out came the old lamps
and lanterns, the battered stoves and rusty stove-pipe. The last
crumbs of sawdust were swept up in the dented hallways
and all at once a student's cooking pot, his hatchet, ax and
cross-cut saw were obsolete. After three-quarters of a
century the old rugged dormitory life was over.
Now there was a faculty of fifteen, twice the size of Bishop's faculty;
there were two janitors and a librarian, W. J. McSurely, and a campus
of five buildingsÐfor a college considerably smaller than Miami at its
peak years half a century before. But the world had changed, and in
education as elsewhere the luxuries of one generation became
necessities in the next. At the end of the century a college required
laboratories, reading rooms, assembly rooms, gymnasium and
athletic groundsÐas in another half-century it would need social
centers, an auditorium, a natatorium, a theater, projecting rooms,
listening rooms, galleries and museums.
The anniversary year, with workmen swarming over the Main
Building and President Thompson advertising the celebration to be
held in June, was a year to remember. That summer Old Egypt stood
dark and lifeless amid the waving bluegrass with a mossy water
trough beside it for the use of birds, squirrels and the stray summer
cattle. A broken window admitted jays, squirrels and chipmunks;
nuts and acorns were hidden in the old laboratory shelves. Somehow
on a summer night in 1898 the old ruin burned. The walls crumbled
and fell, the charred bricks were hauled away, and there was nothing
left of Old Miami's science building except the weathered pier stone
where Professor Scott had set up his telescope in years long
past.
Early in September workmen began excavation for the new wing of
the Main Building. A new professor of French appeared, a young Dr.
Edgar Ewing Brandon, ready to teach students to think in French as
well as English; soon he would have then reading French
newspapers and magazines in the library. Students arrived for the
term, moving into modernized lodgings and in the old halls. Then in
the middle of the month, on the opening day of college, Professor
Snyder was found dead in his Brice Hall laboratory, with a vial of
fresh-mixed poison beside him.
A nondescript small man with a bushy, dark mustache and his wife
fluttering like a bedraggled, exotic moth beside him, Henry Snyder
had been a campus character for fourteen years. His wife, Minnie,
affected gypsy clothes and sang soprano. They lived vexatiously in
South Hall, where the rowdies once interrupted Minnie's singing by
throwing a stove down the stairs. Professor Snyder was patient,
friendly, industrious, always ready to speak on the wonders of
science or his summer travels, and every student in the college
either derided or admired him. Scores of lectures he had given,
wearing a Prince Albert and striped waistcoat above his baggy
"teaching" trousers. As his assistant, running the stereoptican or
holding the apparatus for demonstrations of
electrical phenomena, he had the help of an Oxford townsman,
William Pugh. Pugh also played the guitar, providing musical
accompaniment for Minnie's solos. The South Hall rowdies had a
rhyme about those programs:
Henry's goin' to lecture,
Minnie's goin' to sing,
Willie's goin' to play,
On the hi-lo-ding!
Sometime after the town stopped buzzing over the melancholy end of
humorless, busy, uncomplaining Professor Snyder, his wife was
married to William Pugh. They went to live in
Columbus.
To fill the vacancy in science President Thompson quickly brought to
the campus Raymond M. Hughes, an honor graduate of 1893, who
had done further study at the University of Chicago and the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. At this time Professor
Langsdorf, with his silky side-whiskers, Prince Albert and top
hat, returned from a year abroad. During Langsdorf's leave the Latin
and Greek had been taught by A. H. Upham, valedictorian of the class
of '97. Now "Billie" Upham was appointed principal of the
preparatory department. President Thompson took pride in is
selection of young teachers. With Hughes, Upham and Brandon, he
now had two future Miami presidents and a vice-president in
his small faculty.
In November the president and faculty of Western College
entertained for Mrs. Calvin S. Brice, an alumna and benefactor; a
month later came word of the sudden death of Senator Brice. His
death cut off the career of an empire builderÐ-he was projecting a
railroad system in China when he succumbed to pneumoniaÐ-and a
flow of benefaction to his college. He had chosen to preside at the
Diamond Anniversary alumni reunion in the following
June.
On a winter night four students, returning from a trip to College
Corner and, guilty of singing after ten o'clock, landed in the village
jail. President Thompson paid out fifty-three dollars for their
finesÐlater repaid by the Board of TrusteesÐ-and sent them quietly to
their rooms.
On the first Saturday of May the Athletic Association held a field day.
Professor Langsdorf, in silk hat and whiskers,
leaned his
Columbia bicycle against the fence and umpired a baseball game. Other
members of the faculty kept time and score for the track and field
events. The cheers of the spectators were answered by the screams
of peacocks sunning themselves around the fountain of the Oxford
RetreatÐin happier years the Oxford Female College. Professor
Johnson took on a series of students at tennis and then sat with them
under a tree, telling of his student years in Germany and his visit to
tranquil Kšnigsberg where Immanuel Kant took his daily
constitutional, eight times up and down the Philosopher's Walk, his
old servant, umbrella under arm, trudging along behind him. Fardy
Devine, passing with a scythe in his shoulder, observed that tennis
was a waste of time and that college might better give him the
ground to raise cabbage and potatoes.
In June the scaffolding came down and a twin-towered Old Main
was ready for the anniversary. Fifteen hundred flags decorated High
Street and the campus was freshly mowed and trimmed. For five
days, beginning with a Baccalaureate service in the enlarged Bishop Chapel (newly named for Professor Bishop)
and
ending with Commencement under the trees, crowds filled the campus. The
Buckeye State Band played a medley of airs between the scheduled
eventsÐclass day exercises, oratorical contests, reunions of
the Literary Halls with the veterans recounting memories of fierce
debates and glowing declamations, fraternity banquets and
receptions. The program included the Golden Jubilee of Phi Delta
Theta which had grown "from six at first" to ten thousand members
of sixty-four chapters from Maine to California; its founders
were memorialized on a granite tablet set into the wall of North Hall.
At the gala alumni meeting General Ben Runkle read a formidable
Miami poem, calling the roll of Old Miami faculty and paying rhymed
tribute to a long list of noted alumni. At the anniversary
Commencement, John R. Simpson, president of the graduating class
and a later benefactor of the college, delivered "A Plea for
Diplomacy," and two other seniors orated on America
n democracy. The Honorable Whitelaw Reid, recently a member of
the commission to negotiate peace with Spain, spoke of "Our New
Duties"Ðmeasuring America's new stature and responsibility in world
affairs. After a reception in the new library room of Old Main,
visitors streamed up High Street to the public square. A band
concert, a display of fireworks, and the celebration was over. In the
fervor of the anniversary, some talked about a Miami enrollment of
two hundred in the twentieth century.
Two weeks later with Oxford settling into its summer somnolence,
President Thompson resigned. He had accepted the presidency of
The Ohio State University.
That fall Reverend David Stanton Tappan, honor graduate of the class
of 1864, moved into the president's office and settled his wife and
eight children in a house on High Street across from the "slanting
path." A short, square man with level eyes and a determined mouth,
Dr. Tappan had no innovations to propose. During his first year he
advertised the college in forty-four neighboring newspapers; in
the following term the enrollment increased by four. One of the
added students was his daughter Julia, who met her future in Dr.
Langsdorf's Latin class. She was married to Professor Langsdorf in
the summer of 1900. A year and a half later they went to Hiroshima,
a Japanese city that would come to the world's attention
forty-four years later, where Langsdorf served as a missionary
and religious editor.
During the quiet and brief regime of President Tappan the
fraternities flourished despite his indifference and the Literary Halls
declined despite his encouragement. The football seasons brought a
long string of defeatsÐ which may have been the cause, or
the effect, of Coach Greenleaf's habits. According to the record
Greenleaf "was intoxicated so often that his duty was not
satisfactorily performed." Though he had no enthusiasm for
coeducation, President Tappan handed diplomas to the first women
graduatesÐthree members of the class of 1900.
That summer a water closet was installed in the west wind of the
Main Building, but not a hundred feet from the college well. A few
months later came an epidemic, forty cases of typhoid fever the
college and a hundred cases among the townspeople who had
prized the cold sweet water of the college well. The well was closed,
and the South Hall became a hospital. Two students died and there
were other deaths in the village. The youngest victim was Lucy
Tappan, the president's favorite daughter. In April,
1902, Dr. Tappan resigned, to return to the Presbyterian
ministry.
In Columbus, close to the State legislature, President Thompson
directed the growth of The Ohio State University with its burgeoning
graduate and professional schools. In the late winter of 1906, to
assure that university's claim upon the state, he argued for the
Lybarger Bill, which called for full development of Ohio State while
supporting only the Normal Colleges at Miami and Ohio universities;
the act would have reduced the two century-old colleges to
teacher-training schools. There were immediate protests in
both Oxford and Athens, and both universities rallied their
supporters in Columbus. For two long weeks President Benton and
his trustees fought for Miami's future.
The bill was defeated, and in its place the Legislature passed the
Eagleson Bill, which defined the scope of the three institutions and
provided for their support. It fixed "for all time" a policy directing
Ohio State to develop field of technical and professional training,
while Miami and Ohio would remain essentially colleges without
technical or graduate instruction beyond the work for the Master's
degree. This act assured Miami of a future consistent with its past.
On a glowing October day twenty-two years later, when the long
procession filed into Benton Hall for the Upham inauguration, William
Oxley Thompson was there, big, bald, and beaming as though he had
never questioned Miami's future.